Wednesday, July 31, 2019

From a sociological perspective, what do the effects of demographic change have on the social structure of the community of Exeter?

Objectives: 1) To create a research project loosely based on the study proposed by W. M. Williams, A West Country Village: Ashworthy: Family, Kinship and Land. 2) Concentrate on the sociological issues that arise from demographic change in a city community, including family, kinship, class and age. 3) Look at Exeter's population change over the past 20 years. 4) Research Methods: i) Conduct a questionnaire to be carried out in Exeter. ii) Collect secondary data relevant to the project (e.g. census data) iii) Map the shops and services in the high street to gain an understanding of what age groups Exeter wants to attract. iv) Find out if there is a strong sense of community by finding out what clubs and societies are available. v) Look at religion in the community. 2001 Census Results for South West Region From the census data one was able to see that, during the last 20 years the South West's population has grown by over half a million, the fastest growing region in this period. However out of all the places in the south west that have experienced demographic change Exeter has experienced relatively low population growth of about 10.5% The South West has also shown a growth in its ‘retirement' population by a fifth since 1991. The South West has acquired an additional 10,000 residents of retirement age but at the same time has experienced a loss of 3,800 people of working age and a loss of 13,000 people under sixteen. Sociological factors to investigate when looking at the effects of demographic change on the community of Exeter Secondary data is quite important to use alongside the first hand research. For example census information and settlement maps would show how the area has changed over time. By mapping the shops and services available on the high street in Exeter one will be able to see which order they are, i.e. ‘high order' e.g. doctors, dentists, cloths shops, or ‘low order' e.g. bakery, grocers, butchers. The more high order shops and services available, the more likely the community will not need to travel outside of the city therefore making it more self sustained and a high probability of having a good community spirit. The types of shops and services available will also give a clue as to what age groups Exeter's retailers and services are aiming to attract. One could find out Exeter's sphere of influence by asking where people travel from to get to Exeter. From this information it would allow one to then find out if the influx of ‘visitors' that Exeter attracts have an effect on the community of Exeter. To see if Exeter has a strong sense of community and family and kinship systems, one could look at a number of different factors. One could find out what clubs and societies are available to the residents of Exeter. For example Exeter has its own football team, ‘Exeter City'. Therefore you could ask people what football team they support and also how many Exeter football games they attend each year. One could also find out who the clubs and societies are aimed at. This would give a clue as to the age group of the individuals who join the clubs/societies, which would therefore show for example if the community spirit is stronger in the older members of Exeter's community as compared to the younger members. Another important factor is religion, as it is an important medium of bringing a community together and uniting them. The questionnaire should attempt to find out more about the change in Exeter's population and it's effects on family and kinship. Some of the key areas that should be covered in the questionnaire are, the age of the individual, whether they are married or divorced, single parents, and the number of children per household. A way of assessing kinship ties is by finding out if the house of the individual has room for relatives to stay. Also find out the individuals' place of birth, how long they have been living in Exeter, if they have family living within ten minutes travelling distance, how often they see their relatives and also if they have children do they use a family member to baby-sit them or a friend? Also find out the type of job industry the individual is in, primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary, as this would show a change in work patterns between the young and the old. Transport and communication are also key factors in keeping family and kinship bonds strong. Another issue to be looked at is, does the large student population have an effect on family and kinship structures in Exeter? Also by finding out the number of local people that attend the university compared to the number of people who live outside of Devon this would show if family and kinship bonds are less strong amongst the younger members of society. Other factors that should be taken into account when conducting this project are, to find out whether Exeter has an ageing population. This would effect family and kinship systems as the young for example may move away to find better jobs or education i.e. university. One could also see how the change in attitudes towards women in the work place has had an effect on the social structure. Also the change in industry could attribute towards the social structure of the community of Exeter. In Britain, the census provides useful demographic information that can highlight areas for particular study. The 1991 census report on migration shows that Devon seems to lose more young people (20-28 year olds) than it gains through in-migration. At the same time many older people migrate into the county than leave it (Census Migration 1991). The 1991 census report indicates that the South West had the lowest proportion of 18-29 year olds in Britain as well as the highest proportion of pensioners. These are significant trends that could potentially have had an affect on the social structure of the South West and Exeter in particular. Closer investigation will hopefully help identify the precise nature of any changes that have occurred whilst also revealing the implications of demographic change. One problem that we could encounter could be that the demographic changes that have occurred in Devon and the South West in general may not be so marked in Exeter. Many people who move to the region, particularly older people, choose more rural locations rather than cities and towns. Also, young people from Exeter are arguably more inclined to stay in Devon rendering the trends of the county invalid in some areas. This is backed up by census statistics that show the ratio of young and older people in Exeter is more in keeping with national averages. However, we are confident that, to some extent at least, there will be evidence of demographic changes within Exeter; especially those that result from large scale in-migration of older people. As we are using questionnaires, we may also be able to extend are survey beyond the city into areas where demographic change may be more prominent. Literature Reviews Population Dynamics contains a number of different studies concerning factors that affect populations. We chose two and conducted a review on them to provide more background for our own research project. The first study chosen was Dangerous Misconceptions?: fertility change in colonial western Kenya, by Tamasine Robins. Robins carried out a case study on the population of western Kenya, with particular emphasis on the effects of fertility change. She claimed that demographic studies relied too heavily on the demographic transition model, which is Eurocentric in nature and unsuitable for analysing population change in Kenya. Robins' study attempts to examine the effects of ‘colonialism' on fertility. Robins chose Western Province in Kenya as the field area for her research, and used a number of methods to collect data for analysis. Survey and census data were used, also historical and anthropological accounts. The first census of Kenya took place in 1948, and the second in 1962. These provided a reasonably accurate picture of trends and patterns in population. Robins also utilised other sources to add to the data collected from the census, carrying out detailed analysis of past population surveys, missionary accounts and government reports. She also conducted some interviews, which helped to add greater depth and meaning to the data. One major strength of the research is the use of triangulation of methods, which combines all the good points of each and this means that the quality of the research is likely to be improved, the scope of the data widened, and can enhance the validity of the research by providing more consistency across methods (Denscombe 1998:84-85). The disadvantages in the study include the fact that causation of population change is difficult to establish, and that with the types of data used, it is hard to be very specific about the background changes that affect population dynamics (Robins 1996:14). The final outcome of Robins' study found that during the colonial period fertility levels increased dramatically, resulting in a rapid growth in population. This was attributed to the influence of western values and the advent of capitalism. The second study looked at was one carried out by Akim J. Mturi and Sian L. Curtis, Fertility, Infant Mortality and Family Planning Policy in Tanzania. They studied the effects of these factors on population change, and tried to find out whether family formation patterns have a direct or only a background effect on infant mortality. The study analyses the potential impact of the family planning programme in Tanzania on the infant mortality rate. The central research method used in the study is the data collected in the 1991/1992 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey which contains data gleaned from interviews conducted on all women between the ages of 15 and 49 in selected households. Other similar surveys are used to add to the data. This information produces a range of statistical data, which is then analysed to produce a table showing the distribution of births.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Investigation Into Waste Management on Construction Sites

American Journal of Applied Sciences 2 (5): 980-984, 2005 ISSN 1546-9239 Â © Science Publications, 2005 Investigation into Waste Management on Construction Sites in South Western Nigeria 1, 2 O. O. Akinkurolere and 3S. O. Franklin 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria 2 China University of Geosciences, 430074, Yujia Shan, Wuhan Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Ibadan, NigeriaAbstract: This study aims to report investigation into the problem of waste management on construction sites in South Western Nigeria and to unveil inherent dangers material wastage poses to the construction Industry. In the construction industries, materials are very vital in building sites, but not all the materials delivered are used for the purposes for which they have been ordered and the subsequent disappearance of these materials constitutes part of the waste.The primary research instruments used was the questionnaire which contained varied questions on material wastage and management. The investigation revealed that material wastage brings about additional cost to the construction project as well as a reduction in the profit of the contractor, considering the cost of storing and transporting construction waste along with the loss of revenue from not reclaiming waste. Also, most waste that occurs at construction sites is due to poor management and lack of awareness of effective waste management.The study finally recommends that recycling and reusing of construction waste is a viable option in construction waste management and that material wastage can be reduced by giving incentives to the workers for better handling of materials and by having trained personals to supervise the works. Key words: Construction Waste, Waste Recycling, Waste Reusing INTRODUCTION inadequacies of the materials such that at the end not all the materials procured an d delivered to sites are used for the purposes for which they are ordered. This excessive loss in materials is what is called Waste[4].Material wastage is any extra cost over and above the materials used, plus their handling as contained in the estimated price for the job[5,6]. Building Research Establishment[7] divides material wastage into four distinct categories namely design waste, taking off and ordering waste, supply waste and finally, contract waste. This study will help to determine. Effective waste management is of growing significance for the construction industry. Adding the cost of storing and transporting construction waste, along with the loss of revenue from not reclaiming waste materials, it makes financial sense for onstruction companies take action to minimize waste. The use of recycled aggregate derived from concrete rubble in the production of ready mixed concrete was demonstrated in the example of an office building, erected in Darmstadt, Germany[1]. Generally, the economic interest in re-using or recycling building materials is governed by three factors listed below[2, 3]: * * * * * * * The availability and thus the cost of natural or new building materials. The availability of disposal space, the tipping charges and the taxes for dumping. The transportation cost. The inherent dangers material waste poses to the onstruction industry. Ways of minimizing waste on construction sites. Ways of keeping proper site records for accountability purposes. Finally, recommendations were made on effective waste management on construction sites. The significance of the Research: In the past, most especially in some parts of Nigeria, practices to reduce, reuse or recycle waste did not achieve widespread implementation for a number of reasons. Firstly, people were not aware of benefits of minimizing waste, nor had any experience of reusing recycled or reclaimed materials. In addition some even believed that the cost f reusing or recycling these wastes wa s prohibitive. Materials, as one of the resources employed by the construction industry, pass through a number of processes before they are finally incorporated in the construction. These processes bring about the 980 American J. Applied Sci. , 2 (5): 980-984, 2005 This research is meant to reveal various losses arising from material wastage and to propose measures that will enhance the judicious use of clients' money coupled with an overall effect on cost savings on a construction project, as well as lead to increase profit and time saving on the construction period.It will also serve as a form of enlightenment to the general populace particularly those in the construction industry. Table 1: Percentage Cost of Materials to the Cost of the Project Options Number of response % Response Below 20% 2 3 20-30% 2 3 31-40% 4 6 41-50% 16 22 Above 50% 47 66 METERIALS AND METHODS Table 2: Methods for Keeping Store Records Methods No. of occurrence % Response Using trusted people 2 3 Stock bal ance sheet 3 4 Storage in computer 3 4 Bin card system 7 10 Daily stock taking 7 10 Log book 9 13 Stock card system 15 21 No response 25 35 This research relies on primary data, which was btained using questionnaires having both closed and open-ended (un coded) questions; containing varied questions on material wastage and management. It was directed at the respondents relevant to the study including engineers, architects, quantity surveyors, builders and contractors to identify the various sources of waste encountered on construction sites and how these wastes can be minimized and managed. The data obtained were analyzed using tables and statistical indices. The scope of this research is limited to firms in Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Ekiti and Ondo States. Lagos is considered to be the nerve of commercial activities inNigeria and so the relative volume of construction work there is very high. Other states were chosen to complement that of Lagos. Furthermore, a sizeable number of all firms c hosen to constitute the sample for this research were undertaken one form of construction or the other in different states of the country, therefore information gathered can be broadly applied to the entire nation. Table 3: Sources of Waste on Building Sites Sources of waste Response % Response Wrong use 6 8 Mismanagement of materials 8 11 Demolition waste 10 14 Conversion waste 14 20 Pilfering and theft 15 21 Negligence 16 23 Fixing 7 24 Wrong specification 21 30 Intra – site transit 22 31 Transport and delivery to site 27 38 Site storage 29 40 RESULTS Inventory Tools: This aspect shows the importance of materials in building projects and also highlights the need for their effective management and control. Table 1 shows the percentage cost of materials to the total cost of the project. The table shows that 66% of the respondents quoted that the percentage cost of materials to the cost of the project is above 50%, closely followed by 22% who believed that the percentage cost of materials to the cost of the project is between 41and 50%.Also, it can be observed from Table 2 that a sizeable number of firms did not respond to the method used for keeping store records, while 21% indicated that use of a stock card system is the best, 10% believed that the bin card system is the best. Furthermore 10% believed in the use of daily stocktaking, 13% expressed confidence in the use of the log book. On responses on the sources of waste, 40% of the firms agreed that the major source of waste was due to the adoption of a storage system; this was closely followed by 38% of the firms who agreed that the major source of waste was due to transport and delivery to site.Other sources were also given and the results are presented in Table 3. Other sources of waste pointed out by the respondent but not shown in Table 3 include residual wastes, overestimation of quantities required and the use of unskilled laborers. As for the incentives for good handling and minimum waste, 41 % of the firms agreed that there were incentives for good handling and minimum waste while 59% suggested that there were no incentives. The incentives identified by the firms are listed in Table 4. Also, Table 5 presented methods of minimizing waste on sites. Other methods of minimizing wastes on sites roposed by some firms are given in Table 6. Material Utilization: The section presents the methods used by firms to minimize waste on sites, sources of wastes and incentives for good handling and minimum waste. It also considered various means of reusing and recycling wastes on construction sites. Materials Stock Control and Storage: This section gives an analysis of the data collected on material stock control and storage before its movement to the site for utilization. 981 American J. Applied Sci. , 2 (5): 980-984, 2005 Table 8: Origin of Materials Supplied to Site Table 4: Incentives Identified by 41% of the FirmsIncentives for good handling and minimum waste * Commendation of hard working and careful workers in kind and in cash * Supervision and effective monitoring are experts. * Giving bonus to workers. * Regular payment of worker's salary as time due and provision of medical care for workers in case of accident * Increasing salary when deemed fit. * Promoting good handlers. * Using the right specifications. * Approving more overtime hours. * Good design, detailing and erection practice all lead to waste minimization, these should be rewarded periodically in cash or kind. * Avoid overloading trucks. Options ResponseDirect purchase from Suppliers 50 From the company’s central store 17 The company usually contracts it out 28 Others – Table 9: Responsibility for Damaged Materials in Transit Option Response % Response The Supplier 53 75 The Client 8 11 (a) and (b) 10 14 Table 10: Usage of Plants on Construction Sites Option Response % Response Wheelbarrow 68 96 Dumper 30 42 Forklift 12 17 Cranes 25 35 Hoist 15 21 Conveyors 8 11 Table 5: Methods of Minimizing Waste on Sites Options Response Locating a store very close to the Working area. 29 Sending workers on formal training. 4 Supervision by engineers or Trained personnel. 40Good site accounting. 39 % Response 41 6 Material Purchase and Delivery: On the origin of materials supplied to site, 70% of the respondents obtained their materials direct from the suppliers, while 39% usually contracted the supply out. Others (24%) purchase before use and store it central store. The results are presented in Table 8. Concerning the time of placing an order of materials prior to use, responses showed that 32% of the firms placed their orders less than two weeks before they were required, 27% placed theirs between three and four weeks while the remaining 41% usually placed immediately stock becomes less.Meanwhile, on responsibility for damaged materials in transit, the majority of the firms claimed that the suppliers were liable; they held the opinion that the materials were still in pos session of the suppliers as long as they had not arrived on site. However, a minority of firms, about 11% had a different opinion as indicated in Table 9. 56 55 Table 6: Summary of Methods of Minimizing Wastes on Sites Method of minimizing waste identified by respondents * Monitoring the supply of materials and goods to prevent damages. * Close supervision and monitoring by experts. * Provision of both day and night security. Effective planning before the commencement of any project. * Materials should be supplied to specifications and detailed drawings should be followed to the letter. * Conversion of wasted materials to other use. * Introducing incentives to make workers happy * Ensuring adequate storage facility for construction materials on site. Table 7: Materials Storage System Option Response Centralized system 36 Decentralized system 17 Mixed system 18 % Response 70 24 39 – Materials Handling: On the usage of plants on construction sites, Table 10 showed that 42% of t he firms utilized dumpers, 17% employed forklift among other options.Other equipment indicated by the respondents included concrete mixers, loaders, excavators, head pains, shovels, diggers, vibrators and tipper lorries. Meanwhile, the question on whether fragile materials should be given special attention and handling or not, 59% of the respondents opined that special attention and handling was paid to these materials, while 18% of the firms surveyed indicated that no such care was essential. The remaining 23% of the firm surveyed did not give any response, some of the methods (suggested by the respondents) of storing and handling fragile materials are listed in Table 11. % Response 51 24 25On material storage system, Table 7 shows that 51% of the firms used a centralized system of storage, while 25% used a mixed procedure, that is, the combination of the centralized and decentralized systems. On methods used in material stocktaking, most firms used a periodic stock checking proced ure, about 85%, while the remaining 15% used perpetual inventory that is, continuous stock checking. 982 American J. Applied Sci. , 2 (5): 980-984, 2005 * Table 11: Suggested Methods of Storing and Handling Fragile Materials Methods * Fragile materials should be stored separately * Supervision and handling of materials should be done by experts Materials should be stacked on pallets, with little or no access * Fragile materials should be packed amongst saw dust * Stack such materials between shock absorbing materials * Careful offloading during delivery * Materials should be stored in special packs during transporting to prevent damage. * Materials should be stored away from point of heavy traffic, passer-by’s and workers. * Adhere to the manufacturer’s instructions. * Allow only single handling. * Store in central store and carry directly to the site when needed. * * * * Cost of materials when compared to the total cost of the project may well be over 50%, hence ateri als should be judiciously utilized and handled. Manual labor is more extensively employed in most of the construction firms surveyed than the use of mechanized labor. The major sources of waste that was revealed was due to improper site storage, although a high proportion of firm surveyed also believed that the transportation and delivery of materials to the site were important considerations as well. Giving incentives to workers for good handling of materials greatly minimizes waste on construction sites as well as trying to make the workers have a sense of belonging in the firm. The most effective way of minimizing waste on ites is to have experts to supervise the work. From the above conclusion, the following are recommended: * DISCUSSION If materials handling and control are to mean anything, high control needs to be exercised between the parties involved. Mechanization of the movement of materials on the construction sites offer advantages in both cost and time saving, but from the present study, manual labor is far more extensively used in comparison to plants. Usage of manual labor for materials handling increases the level of waste that occur on sites and this can be readily observed at construction sites from the way materials litter such areas.If was observed from the study that some construction companies do not give special attention to the handling of their fragile materials, whereas in developed countries such items are treated with care because they are liable to damage quite easily[6]. The supervision of fragile materials is to be done by experts and only single handling should be allowed. More so, some of the firms studied are not in the habit of giving incentives for good handling and minimum waste of materials, this ought not be in if incentives are given to the workers, they will feel more responsible for the materials and they will take extra are in handling such items. Finally, from the research, it is obvious that nearly all construction firms in Nigeria are yet to start recycling or reusing waste materials on site. Giving contractors the option of reusing or recycling waste will determine the economic feasibility of such operations. * * * * Construction waste recycling and reusing is a viable option in construction waste management and from further studies or research, laboratory experiments can be performed on some construction wastes like broken aggregates or demolished concrete to establish the feasibility of this option[8]. It would be worthwhile extending the nvestigation to other building materials like timber, iron-mangery, broken glass, sanitary wares and similar items. The use of computers should be adapted for storing records on construction sites and for construction planning. There should be awareness programs for all construction companies on construction waste management through reuse and recycling. Also formal education should be given to storekeepers and the foremen on effective materials handling and systems. The federal government should come up with a policy on construction waste management which may include introduction of heavy tipping charges n construction wastes (particularly those that can be reused or recycled) and taxes for dumping or disposing wastes carelessly. This research is focused on the construction industry in terms of waste utilization and management. However, the methodology adopted here could similarly be extended to other fields in the context of engineering. REFERENCES 1. CONCLUSION From the analysis of the results the following conclusions were reached: 983 Grubl, P. and A. A. Nealen, 1998. Construction of an office building made from recycled demolition material. Contribution to International Symposium Sustainable Construction: Use of RecycledConcrete Aggregate. University of Dundee, Concrete Technology Unit, London. American J. Applied Sci. , 2 (5): 980-984, 2005 2. 3. 4. 5. Illingworth, J. R. and K. Thain, 1988. Handling of materials on site. CIRI A Special Publication No. 57 Service Paper No. 92, London. Watts, J. W. , 1980. The supervision of construction. 1st Edn. , Batsford Academic and Education Limited, Fitzhardinge street, London, pp: 37. Tiffin, P. J. R. , 1997. The organization of building sites. Seminar Paper Presented at Birmingham Centre Hotel, New Street, Birmingham, England, pp: 2. Hansen, T. C. , 1992. Recycling of demolished oncrete and masonry. First edition E and FN Spon Publishers, 316 Pages, London. 6. 7. 8. 984 Illingworth, J. R. and K. Thain, 1988. Materials management- is it worth it? CIRIA Special Publication No. 58, London. Sheeduzzafar and A. Khan, 1984. Recycled concrete- a source of new aggregate. Cement, Concrete and Aggregates (ASTM), USA, 6: 17-27. Grubl, P. , 1997. Die Erstellung von Bauwerken unter Verwendung von industriell gefertigtem Beton mit rezykliertem Zuschlag (Creation of Buildings with Industrially made Concrete Containing Recycled Aggregate). 18. Darmstadter Massivbau. Seminar, Vol: 18.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Air pollution

Air pollution Abstract The health effects of air pollution have been subject to intense study in recent years. Exposure to pollutants such as airborne particulate matter and ozone has been associated with increases in mortality and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. These effects have been found in short-term studies, which relate day-to-day variations in air pollution and health, and long-term studies, which have followed cohorts of exposed individuals over time. Effects have been seen at very low levels of exposure, and it is unclear whether a threshold concentration exists for particulate matter and ozone below which no effects on health are likely. In this review, we discuss the evidence for adverse effects on health of selected air pollutantsAbstract The health effects of air pollution have been subject to intense study in recent years. Exposure to pollutants such as airborne particulate matter and ozone has been associated with increases in mortality and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. These effects have been found in short-term studies, which relate day-to-day variations in air pollution and health, and long-term studies, which have followed cohorts of exposed individuals over time. Effects have been seen at very low levels of exposure, and it is unclear whether a threshold concentration exists for particulate matter and ozone below which no effects on health are likely. In this review, we discuss the evidence for adverse effects on health of selected air pollutants

Must write an individual report of 1500 words. This report must be Essay

Must write an individual report of 1500 words. This report must be based on the consumer focussed web site you are due to presen - Essay Example Thus, website development is highly crucial and it should be mainly designed using a customer centric approach so that it can steal the show among their existent competitors in the market (Chaffey and Dave, 2008, p. 152). I am a member of a website development team who is developing a website which deals with laundry products and apparels. The paper will focus on my justifications regarding the Internet market techniques along with other crisp business strategies which will be highly useful in making our website stand well in the competitive front. Promotion of Brand Awareness The promotion of brand awareness is one of the crucial parts to highlight the website and is one of the benevolent strategies of the e-commerce industry. The brand awareness must be executed in such a manner that the customers receive detailed and rational information regarding the firm and its offerings. This technique can be used as a signal to the current and prospective customers, which will state that the customer is on the cutting edge. I will develop a model with product differentiation strategies along with an image rich message with a tag line which should be in line with the actual performance of the products of delivery. Another stylized technique which I will apply to promote the website is AdWords which are an established mechanism of targeting the potential customers and establishing brand awareness at a reasonable price. I would also be posting some testimonials from our pleased customers along with a few photographs of our ways of functioning to support the services offered in my website. Target Audience Another major decision is the selection of target customers. The market has to be segregated into subparts of customers and sections should be set in the order of priority. Since our website focuses on the marriage laundry, domestic and hotel laundry, the market will be divided into subparts and focus on the micro analysis. People think of marketing management as finding a s many customers as possible and increasing demand. But it is not the right policy and it is not possible for the marketing manager to serve all the customers coming in their way. Trying to serve all the customers, it would not be possible to serve any of the customers properly. So in our area of target, our top priority will be on the marriage sector as well as the hotel sector. For example, Holt Renfrew and Harry Rosen stores profitably target affluent professionals; Dollarama stores profitably target families with more modest means. The advertisement budget will also have to be considered and will be concentrated on key areas. The main things which will be taken into consideration are targeting, demographics, key words and the budget. Keeping a close watch on this, our target customers can be attracted (Website Promotion, 2012). Creating Value Proposition The value proposition of the company

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Produce an individual 1600 word report summarising the key issues Essay

Produce an individual 1600 word report summarising the key issues raised in the article. The summary should include references f - Essay Example A number of law suits have been slapped on the fast food industry, citing its failure to label its food as containing high cholesterol, fat and salt. Carlo Petrini founded Slow Food Movement in 1986, in the Cuneo province in Italy, which was a response to a McDonalds being opened in the Piazza di Spagna in Rome (Petrini and Watson, 2001, p.22). This nonprofit making organization has its headquarters in Bra in the Italian Alps and the membership is voluntary and free. The main objective of the Slow Food Movement is to encourage participation in traditional preparation and eating of food and also promoting local products. Its symbol is the snail which might be the organization’s way of telling people to take eating and life in general easy as compared to being on the fast lane (Hayes and Laudan, 2008, p.921). But this should not be taken to mean that its pace in creating the effect it wants is slow as well. The Slow Food Movement has its own manifesto called the Ark of Taste Man ifesto and its main aims are; protect the people who produce fine food from the standards of the industry, to protect endangered species such as animal breeds, cereals, fruits and cheeses from extinction. It also aims to encourage taste education, to stop the killing of the natural character of some production due to worry over hygiene and finally to ensure that people enjoy their rights to pleasure. For products to qualify as Ark products, they must; be of great quality and have a relationship with the area of production. They must also be produced in small quantities, be in danger of extinction and must be specific to a certain area (Jones et al 2003, p.300). The Slow Food Manifesto on Biotechnologies addresses the issue of transgenic foods these are genetically modified products, and it states that these foods cannot be justified just because they are cost effective. The other factors have to be considered such as the problems they bring to the environment, health, the society an d also if it is ethical (Wilk, 2006, p.33). The long term and short term effects of these genetically modified foods are not easy to identify. The biotechnologies will lead to disappearance of crops and plants that are traditional due to reduction in biodiversity, the manifesto says. The use of modified organisms on foods necessitates the use of plant protection products and large scale land exploitation which has negative impacts on biological diversity. Slow food also addresses its concern on the effects that the genetically modified foods might have on the taste and organoleptic range of cooked foods (Suri, 2008). People consume food and the pleasure it brings them might have negative effect psychologically and socially. Slow Food established a movement called Slow City in 1999 whereby Italian cities and towns encouraged people to be loyal to their culinary traditions thus improving their quality of life (Newman and Jennings, 2008, p.195). The Slow Food movement has grown from it s startup days where its main protest was about McDonalds to an international organization. It does not only seek to change the concept of fast foods but also the impact of technological and social and economic change. However it does not seem as if the Slow Movement can cause a big threat to the fast food industry.

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Analysis of Promotional Program Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Promotional Program Situation - Essay Example This product is hopefully going to sail through the market given its peculiarity, simplicity and integrative capabilities. There are a number of competing products to the Tablet360. However, the main competition is from the Nokia and Samsung who have by far established a number of related products. Their products are well positioned across the world market. They have a broad market share, towering through a number of countries. Their marketing strategies are vibrant and they have their presence on all the local and international media, in addition to the internet. They are also well promoted through sponsorship of great football clubs that play in the English Premier League. At the moment, there are so many phones and related tablets from these companies with enhanced features such as the touch screen, radio, mobile banking options, TV and the internet among others. (Strauss). In addition, it might be difficult to persuade the huge population that has already embraced these gadgets given the extra expenditure that they may have to incur on Tablet360. However, the saleability of this gadget is almost gua ranteed since its features are luxurious, efficient and amazingly economic due to the miniaturized enhancements and the ease of workability. As such, the tablet is estimated to command a market share of about 75% percent in the electronic market if effective advertisement is carried out. Most of the competitors are marketing their products through the mass media and the internet. (Strauss). In addition they also use the mobile phone short messaging services to spread the awareness of their products. (Christensen and LÃ ¦greid). In order to counter this, a more personalized marketing strategy for Tablet360 will have to be adopted. For example, after closing a sale with a buyer of the tablet, he might be given an opportunity to seek for a customer of another tablet with a guaranteed commission. (Strauss). In case the new customer comes, then the same strategy can

Friday, July 26, 2019

Empowering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Empowering - Assignment Example One of the best ways through which change is realized is by learning. Through learning, one is able to acquire knowledge and skills most appropriate in establishing change. Currently a number of people are accessing higher education in order to acquire sufficient knowledge and skills towards improving the manner in which things are done. One critical aspect of substantive importance is that as one acquires new skills and knowledge, it is important that the initially acquired knowledge and skills be discarded for an effective implementation of change. It is only through such means that obsolescence can be fought. Lack of following these strategies happens to be the greatest obstacles towards fighting obsolescence. A critical example is in the case, in which one spends lots of money is spent studying for an MBA course, which after a short while becomes obsolete requiring an individual to study more and acquire new skills. Fighting obsolescence requires various attributes in making it a success. Yes, it is for a fact that despite one spending, a lot of money is studying an MBA project; soon the skills acquired become obsolete requiring replacement. It is evidently clear that at every one time, there are the most appropriate mechanisms of tackling some situations that work effectively with the acquisition of the MBA. Such skills are useful in taken an individual into the next level, which also requires new skills and knowledge. Lack of a well-strategized and planned fight against obsolescence means an obstacle to change as is with the case of many supervisors who are not able to effect change, and resist any effort towards making a change. Achieving advanced knowledge such as through an MBA is very essential. In a life crowded by with numerous responsibilities and dreams to cater for, require that one use the acquired skills in fighting obsolescence to realize the dreams. Empowerment like fighting

Thursday, July 25, 2019

WHY STUDY THE ENVIRONMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WHY STUDY THE ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example The area of environmental learning comprises Environmental Science that gives importance to the natural sciences, in the background of an interdisciplinary approach. Various other areas of environmental learning’s give equal stress on natural and social sciences. Humans are essentially related with all living things on this planet earth. On the other hand, the current actions demonstrate that the day-today existence harshly impacts the biosphere, which contributes to the entire organisms. There are options the way every one live at present. Studies in an environmental related academic curriculum, one can study the reasons for transform, what needs to transform, and how one can transform in order that all can live in an environmentally sustainable manner. Environmental concerns are global and areas of study comprise mainly: Agricultural excess, loss of biodiversity/species at threat, forest supervision, wetland protection, environmental systems, environmental lobbying, fisheries and aquaculture, air pollution and climate change, environmental protection, groundwater pollution, water pollution, renewable energy sources and sustainable development (APICS, 2003). For example, according to a main report on the state of Arctic biodiversity, the researchers have a superior suggestion of preservation requirements in the polar region. As per the report, at the local level, there is apparent proof that a number of economically-significant species have been exploited, and habitat has been damaged because of increased developmental activities. It is also reported that weather change is having considerable effects on Arctic species, permafrost, and sea ice; unfamiliar invasive species are more and more entering the region. Further, pollutants released far away are emerging at large scales in human and wildlife communities. The report also indicates the need of crucial information in

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Applied buyer behaviour in a global context Assignment

Applied buyer behaviour in a global context - Assignment Example The two adverts have exposure of consumer buying process, segmentation, perception map, motivation and finally marketing mix (Sandhusen & Richard, 2013, p78). The advert by John Lewis that had been designed by Adam & Eve/DDB has which is the agency that creates a huge chunk of the John Lewis adverts has so many notable sections in it. The included song was from an upcoming pop star who is a breathy young man. Other adverts in the past have been entailing breathy young woman. The artist creates maximum emotion from every section of the song making highly applicable for entire. While the song by John Lennon is not popular by many people, the artist (Tom Odell) creates emotional sphere from it. It creates a scenario whereby the story is typically narrated through the use of pictures in a manner indicating little girls and boys playing with different toys. The story outline creates a perception of people waiting for love. There is a creation of snow that was filmed in July. There is also the creation of a Christmas tree and entailing of a middle-class family in some parts of the north east London and heavy filming from Victoria hackney. The adverts create a sensational and ambitious model similar to the 2013 adverts that featured a bear and hare animated epic. Instead of the use of the epic model, the John Lewis chooses to apply the formula of a cute boy highly longing for the Christmas time to get a penguin gift in the 25th December. It reveals of how the by spends his time paling with the friend who is a penguin. At first, the penguin friend appears real but later it emerges that it was untrue, and perhaps CGI was entailed in the filming process. The film shows the Sam, who is the boy going to the field and playing Lego with his friend penguin (Monty). The two bounce to trampoline in unison and Sam notes the Monty is lonely as it sees couples touching hands. In Christmas time, Sam looks Monty one g ood thing, a mate that it had strongly missed all the time. Beside

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) - Essay Example This is the Nepal and alternative energy promotion centre (WECS, 2011). This implies compliance and easy to access the funds that will develop the project. Among the steps within this stage include; This is one of the critical and complex steps in the implementation process. It involves requesting and evaluating all the proposals presented. It also involves assembling a team, determination of the financing mechanism, development of the scope of work, specifying the performance criteria, addressing all the possible emerging issues to ensure compliance (Dixit, A. 2010) and develop the required proposal to the financiers. The team selected will ensure that the required community participation and literacy provisions are met to facilitate the success of the project. This will be based on the traditional spirit of the members of the Sandikhola village. The team should emphasize the use of non skilled volunteer to provide the much needed labor but the skilled personnel should be acquired from outside. In the personnel acquisition stage, skilled personnel from the respective villages should be given priority. Beside the team should designate a project champion to who can get the projects over barriers through determination, authority or sheer excitement. Among the notable funding agencies include; DFID Australian Aid, EU/ECHO , Norway (Norad) , Denmark (Danida), British Embassy (UKM), Nepal, SDC, Canada (CIDA), World Bank , Finland , ADB, Austria, Japan, Netherlands (NET/SNV) , JICA, Sweden (SWI/SIDA), USAID and Central Queensland University (ADB ,2010 ) The scope of work defines what the community wants out of the project. This is adopted as the heart for the request of the proposal. This comprises of the type o renewable energy system, considered location of the system, site requirements and the specifications of system performance. This

Collaboration and Argument Essay Example for Free

Collaboration and Argument Essay Boothe Collaboration and Argument Collaboration is defined as working collectively with others or concurrently to achieve a goal especially in a creative attempt to put together the right elements of success implemented to accomplish something. Argument is defined as controversy or the implication of expression through opinions for an effort to persuade; for the submission that provides support or is in contrast to some idea. Robert Ennis defines an argument as an attempt to support a conclusion by giving reasons for it. (Critical Thinking, 1995) Irving M. Copi, in his Introduction to Logic, defines an argument as a group of propositions of which one, the conclusion, is claimed to follow from the others, which are premises. Collaboration changes the research process because it is a group ideal instead of an individual ideal. Collaboration gives each individual on the team the ability to share creative and innovative thoughts and interact with others by sharing ideas through critical thinking, preparation and work practice with individuals in defined areas which provide an opportunity for each team member to strive for higher standards within the group. Collaboration can be an incentive for the better-prepared students to provide assistance and encourage the members of the team who are most likely not going to meet the goal, and the less-prepared students are likely to work harder so as not to disappoint the other team members. By having a team leader it shares the accountability for student success through frequent use of collaboration as an approach to improving instruction for an effective use of common planning time. Collaboration encourages diversity with a social support system in a more personal environment that will aid in the development of skills, time management and problem solving that can be used on the job and beyond. Collaboration can actually make it easier and harder when having to evaluate sources. The goal is find a way to get knowledgably team members to be productive an establish a formal process to perform work, develop distinct purpose, and assist in the process of better connections among team members. As a group you have to think as a group with one ideal and be able to comprehend and engage structure collaboration process while maintaining a strong affiliation among teammates. Provided that a time line has been created the work load should be evenly distributed for all of the team members and information should be shared willingly. Communication is very important so that all members can equally speak whether positively or negatively about the topic as well as listening to all of the group members. By analyzing different types of collaborative tasks each member can interoperate what is relevant by their own learning skills, strategies and personal experiences that would encourage conversation within the group that provides feedback and encourages questions, negotiations and open mindedness with the differences of each person’s creative and innovative ideals which will generate a good argument. In order for a group to produce their ethos for a team paper it is important that each member knows the definition of an ethos. Ethos, or a reputable position, is a matter of gaining the confidence of the audience by either the character or the author. Respect and trust are both valuable traits that are needed from your audience therefore giving you the authority on your topic so that the group is able to persuade their audience that their ideas are credible, or more credible than someone elses. The ethos for a team paper is produced as a group within the quality of the produced product. With the blended combination and disposition of the group they must be believable or convincing and be able to characterize the differences between fact and opinion based on sound logic and solid evidence that encourages trustworthiness or credibility prototypes within the group and while persuading your audience. Papers that are written collaboratively are created in a different form then papers that are written by an individual due to the fact that collaboration means to work with another or others on a joint project while individual means working independently. Collaborative writing refers to organizing and the planning of shared written documents during the process of team building. As a team you also have more members that can get the job done faster and even sometimes better. Collaboratively written papers start with preliminary discussions of an ideal then on to brainstorming as input is divided into sections so that participation can be achieved by each team member with open channels of communication within the allotted time line so that the assignment can be assessed by the group to provide the final draft. The independent working individually creates their papers differently by doing all of the work on their own with full control of their time limits, methods, process and style. They are responsible for their own argument. The downside is that they are not able to collaborate and get ideals from others and time restraints can be a factor on large tasks and when something becomes too difficult to handle there is no one to assist you. Collaboratively and individually arguments are written differently on the account of facts and opinions that are researched as a group and the individual argument is researched solely by the individual. The members of the group decide on which activities are to be completed as a group and which one should be completed by individual group members. Deliberation improves critical thinking by providing a constant consideration and synthesis of other viewpoints. These issues become the argument for the group. With respect for the other team members opinions will continue to simultaneously push the boundaries of the other team members’ experiences which will create a new mode of thinking, analyzing, criteria and judgment that often reveals new and unique approaches. Team members benefit from reflection and by verbalization. The peer coaching helps all the members, both the high and the low achievers, to become actively involved with the material. When it comes to independent study there is no one else that can incorporate other viewpoints into their own opinions nor or they able to incorporate communication or listening skills, but they are able to avoid conflicts enhance their own effectiveness and efficiency. When writing collaboratively, an argument that is determined by one’s own position should be decided by which side of the issue they are willing to take on or if they are prepared for both sides by matching up each team member’s ability and talent no matter what their strengths or weakness may be. When determining the fundamental quality of an argument it gives the team member the ability to understand the arguments of others and evaluate the quality arguments used to improve their skills. The person who represents knowledgeable information is factual and some team members may have difficulty evaluating arguments on the basis of their quality. By explaining skills that are important to overall argument and by the use of an evaluation the team may show an increased performance by the immediate feedback. By giving the team members the tools to evaluate the production of their own individual work could enhance their ability to find their position. It is also important that the individual who has his own argument is being respectful and open minded so that the team member has the ability to persuade and influence others on similar subjects and while gaining additional information from their team. When a team member supports an argument that they find not to be creditable the reason for that could be the disagreement of opposing viewpoints due to the lack of interest in the topic or a similar subject in which the member is not convinced of the views causing the team member to reject information that is incorrect or irrelevant. In order to avoid conflict within the team, the team member suspends judgment and avoids new solutions that may hinder statements that are not supported by research that could weaken the final paper. Individuals often have a strong emotional connection to the positions they argue in essays because of the all of the challenging research work that they have done to find credible resources. The individual could educate the other team members about their own experiences of encouragement, awareness and understanding of the argument. Depending on the position of each member f the team the discussion of the topic may not all be shared by the same similarly intense connection therefore the role of the team should be a peer review that encourages and contains constructive criticism; this method is used to improve one’s project and not to shoot down anyone’s work. Two common peer review methods are the inspection method and the walk-through method. Work is heavily analyzed throug h the inspection method. As each individual puts in their input and guides the conversation. Each peer then provides comments to help improve the quality of work. Constructive and respectful criticism provides useful feedback even though the team member may show strong emotion on the argument. The best methods of peer review used for evaluating the quality of an argument in a paper is more of a conversation designed to give constructive criticism through discussion and communications. Using groups to give feedback to other group members on specific questions about their own papers that they would like reviewed. Members are encouraged to write down questions at the beginning of the peer review and ask peers to take these questions into consideration while writing their review. This is feedback encourages students to have their work analyzed through questions and deliberations of their own. Advanced peer reviews encourage paper writing as a mode of conducting peer reviews. Self-Evaluations is the assessing one’s own work. When writing collaboratively, the best processes for making sure sections of a project written by different team members are logically consistent is to make sure that the directions are clear, uncomplicated and easy to understand in order to be rational. Write a short introductory paragraph that would introduce the reader to the topic and explain what it is and how it should affect people and also provide a brief history of the issue. The process for evaluating a team paper for plagiarism differs from the process of evaluating ones work is that group writing represents an exclusive challenge because each person has their own different passions, opinions and backgrounds towards writing. Whether the members of the team are not able to make the time lines and strive for the easiest route or intentional or unintentional copy an author’s work the team’s work could suffer. The team should be educated about plagiarism either by self detection or software programs. The team writing process that would produce the strongest arguments would be an argumentative paper that argues for a particular side that has opposing information or opinions that are debatable issues. In order to be most persuasive, understand both sides of the issue by having at least three reasons that support your point of view and two reasons that support the opposing viewpoint and it is important that the paper has a strong thesis statement and strong support for the position. Counter argument for why they are not valid reasons. The topics that are selected for individual argument papers differ from those chosen for team papers because a decision is made within the group on which person will do what work as an individual, but other factors should be considered such as time and how well the assignment can be completed. All team members have a vested interest in understanding the appropriate response. Conclusion Today’s research and teaching is no longer performed independently or in seclusion. Research and teaching shows that both collaboration and argument work hand and hand and can benefit others and help to address problems when we work in collaboration with those whom we research with. Collaboration provides specific guidelines that help all diverse backgrounds come together with ideals and experiences for solutions and understanding and that argument assists in providing the best reasoning to distinguish between facts and opinions through detailed observation.

Monday, July 22, 2019

African religion Essay Example for Free

African religion Essay Religion is being described as the belief in a supernatural power considered as creator and governor of the universe. The indigenous African people honored a superior being before the recording of history. They practiced voodoos, witchcraft, black magic, obyah and oledamare. The foundation of African traditional religion is faith based upon dogmatism. They have the kind of faith that does not require any evidence. The African traditional religion has great belief in the presence of spirits. Spirits, for the ancient African people, may be found in people, trees, animals, rivers, rocks, and mountains, and also in automobiles. The Africans loathe crimes such as adultery, stealing, cheating, and suicide. The Africans believe that these spirits convey their wishes, demands and instructions to other people through the traditional priests. These priests perform rituals to the satisfaction of their clients who turn to them for the interpretation of the spirit’s message. In Africa, there is a ritual performed for every event which are held through a dance, music or art that have been transformed into many forms. Yes, Africans do have their religion which actually centers on God just like Christians do. God is being perceived as the source of life and the creator of everything. For the Africans, creation is the sole work of God and there’s no other explanation for creation other than this. God is viewed as the omnipotent, the everlasting, ever faithful and the most merciful Father. Symbols also play an important part in the African society. These are conveyd into the religious sphere to build a strong connection between the unseen spirits and the living. We see these symbols on walls or printed on the clothes worn by the traditional priests and other people who wish to express their mood through any of these symbols. Source: Aderibigbe G. , African religion and Christianity in dialogue: an appraisal from the African perspective, Africana Marburgensia 32 (1999),

Sunday, July 21, 2019

School Behaviour Policies For Children Education Essay

School Behaviour Policies For Children Education Essay Student behaviour has always been a key issue in any school. Pupils go to school primarily to interact with other pupils in an environment that is well suited for study and play. However true, pupils seem to be more motivated in the playground than in the classroom. Behaviour suffers very often when these students are not as motivated as the others. Class behaviour becomes problematic at the very worst as kids direct their attention away from the actual academic demands of being in school. Teachers and staff of schools are bent in solving such issue extending their control of student behaviour to heights that may not be beneficial to the students, as well as the school. Disciplinary actions, punitive in every sense, are the most likely to be used to correct student misbehaviour. Sir Alan Steer (2009) in his report found that in the UK, in its schools, there is no need or desire to give schools and its staff wider powers but there is a need for a dissemination strategy to be aware and to understand the existing powers in school. In his 2005 report, he proposed wider options of legitimate rewards and sanctions must be at hand, all of which properly, fairly and consistently applied by all concerned staff. Same has been suggested four years later (Steer, 2009). Findings have been remarkable in his 2009 report. He reiterated that clear rules and the consistent application of rewards and sanctions are vital. He rejects punitive solution to bad behaviour. Tough love is accept able but punitive methods are immoral and socially destructive. Several suggestions have been earmarked so as to implement the relevance of the findings. Steer (2009) reports: A reward system that is effective and tied to performance in the classroom ensures pupil engagement and better behaviour. Good behaviour needs to be learned. It is very imperative to teach kids to behave well so schools must adopt procedures and practices that will help students on how to behave. All staff must be good role models of good behaviour. Schools do have policies that reward good behaviour and good work as well. Sanctions are in place to streamline the need for better behaviour but what is left out is how to create and implement appropriate reward systems. Simple sanctions proved to be more effective than excluding the child from class. Statistical data on behaviour improvement must be at hand to trace changes and complement future actions. Praise can be used to motivate students and encourage better behaviour. Using pupil tracking system to recognise positive and negative behaviour is also efficient. Motivation and Incentives Motivation has been long considered as a very important factor in teaching. It is the precursor for successful comprehension of the students. Getting incentives from good work after a motivating discussion is highly recommended. Student motivation is the interest of students in learning or doing academic work; incentives are methods used to motivate students in learning academic materials (Slavin, 1984). Central to this researchà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s objective is to use the motivational effects of rewards or incentives in teaching. It is long known that motivation plays a key role in student achievement. So, specific in this analysis is the role of motivation in behavioural changes of a student in a classroom setting. Self-worth and Self-Efficacy In educational psychology, it is standard operating procedure to analyse the intrapersonal behaviour of a learner. His or her perceptions of the self must be taken into consideration in order to find the appropriate solutions to behavioural problems. Self-worth is linked to the self-concept of ability in any school setting (Ames, 1990). It is how a student considers his own capacities with respect to othersà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. Self-efficacy is expectation or belief that one can possibly carry out a task. It is task-specific or situation specific. Often, self-efficacy serves as a barometer on a childs willingness to learn, his set of options in learning and actual performance (Ames, 1990). However, age play a role in how students understand ability. Younger kids are more positive or optimistic. They have high expectations are resilient after a failure. They tend to assume effort and ability as the same. Older kids are more negative in evaluating themselves. Effort for t hem gives them higher chances to succeed but ability is a set of limits. Trying hard and failing are actually threats to their self-concept of ability (Ames, 1990). Pupils determine self-worth and self-efficacy in relation to their environment. To behave poorly means self-worth and self-efficacy are dampened by the rigidities in the classrooms setting. Otherwise, the pupils are able to cope with its demands. It is here where motivation plays its role. Giving rewards or incentives is one motivational tool. To keep on relaying good behaviour and its corresponding benefits, a repetition of good behaviour is expected to occur. This is what we call operant conditioning or response reinforcement behaviourism. It is the gratifying of a partial or random behaviour that which eventually leads to the desired behaviour (PBS, 1998; Phillips Soltis, 2004). This molds future behaviour. If a reward succeeds a response to a stimulus, then that response is likely to be repeated. Interlinking the concepts discussed, this paper plots motivation and the self-concept of students in the classroom through the use of a reward/incentive system. Changes from their behaviour, primarily their self-worth and self-efficacy will be carefully studied. Methods Based on the premise above that rewards play a role in motivating student behaviour, this research is proposing the efficacy of a reward system (that is reinforcing) in different classroom setting and student age groups. With the concepts of operant conditioning, this study is specifically poised to determine how studentà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s self-worth and self-efficacy significantly changes (or not) when treated with rewards or incentives. The Steerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s reports confirm the value of applying such consistently. The research will be using questionnaires and interviews as the primary mode of data collection (Anderson, 1998). The questionnaires will both target teachers and students as its respondents. Data analysis will be primarily descriptive and correlational (Runyon et al, 2000; Kirk, 2007). Descriptive data from socio-demographics will provide the initial analysis. Correlation analysis on student and teacher information from the questionnaires will follow thereafter. The main portion of this analysis lies on the significant changes of student self-concept as changes in the reward systems are put into place. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) will do a series of significant tests on changes of perception by the students, i.e. self-worth and self-efficacy (as dependent variables) before and after a reward system is placed (Kirk, 2007). Also, the age-groups and classroom setting will be used as independent variables treated against changes in self-worth and self-efficacy.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

World Ward II Essay -- History, The Good War

Americans often refer to World War II as being â€Å"the Good War†. Americans call World War II â€Å"the Good War† because Americans believe the United States entered the war for the noble purposes of defending its self and freedom. Americans also refer to World War II as â€Å"the Good War† because it was a war that required Americans to work together so the country could defeat the Axis powers. Because the United States entered the war for noble purposes, and because Americans everywhere helped the country win the war, â€Å"the Good War† is an appropriate appellation to describe World War II. Under Benito Mussolini, Italy had conquered the country of Ethiopia (Foner 800). Under Adolf Hitler, Germany had taken control over most of Europe (Foner 802). While Italy, had taken control of Ethiopia and Germany had taken control over most of Europe, Japan had taken control of Burma, Siam, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, the Philippines, and other Pacific islands (Foner 804). In 1931, Japan invaded the Chinese providence of Manchuria (Foner 799). As Japanese troops moved deeper into China, they overran the Chinese city of Nanjing, and killed an estimated 300,000 prisoners of war and civilians (Foner 799). On December 7, 1941, Japan launched an attack on the naval base of Pearl Harbor; this surprise attack was responsible for the death of 2,000 American servicemen (Foner 804). Towards the end of the war Hitler embarked on the â€Å"final solution†, which was the mass extermination of Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and six million Jews that would be come to known as the Holocaust (Foner 807). Because the Axis powers conquered so much territory and killed so many people, America fighting against the Axis powers has been viewed by Americans war fought between the fo... ...is an appropriate appellation for the war. During the war, America imprisoned Japanese Americans and denied them their rights as American citizens. During the war, America bombed the cities of Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki; these bombings were responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians. While I do believe that America was fighting enemies that had committed worst acts than the Allies, the United States had no right to deny American rights of court hearings, due process, and writs of habeas corpus to American citizens. America also had no right to bomb cities with the purpose of killing civilians in an attempt to demoralize the enemies. Certainly the Allies were better than the Axis powers, but the war crimes committed by America cannot be ignored, and because these crimes were committed, World War II cannot be called â€Å"the good war†.

The Role of Gender in Art Essay -- feminist art

Introduction â€Å"’Gender’ is defined here as the cultural construction of femininity and masculinity, as opposed to the biological sex (male or female) which we are born with. Although feminist theory in its various forms does not offer any single explanation of the differences between men and women, most feminists would reject the idea that male and female characteristics can be found exclusively in any fixed biological attributes. Although some feminists are more concerned than others with tracing of masculine and feminine characteristics to their essential biological roots †¦ (essentialists), most feminists from a wide range of positions have contributed to the argument about the relative importance of social, cultural and psychic forces in the construction of identity as either feminine or masculine.†1 This essay will initially address how art history has been discussed by feminist historians in the latter part of the twentieth century. It will then discuss two pairs of mutually contemporary works of art whilst attempting to introduce concepts into the discussion of the works themselves, in order to point to differences or similarities in technique, form and style, and ways to approach an analysis of the work. Finally a conclusion will be drawn on the importance of the role of gender arising from the discourse. Gender and the role of gender is now a major part of the paradigm of the historiographical study of art. Since the 1970s feminist art historians have challenged the extant tenets of art history and have explored radical approaches to gender in art. It is important to note that art historians have formed a crucial part of the wider debate concerning feminism. Linda Nochlin`s essay ‘Why Have There Been No Great Wome... ...erasure from the history. The work is chronological in sequence, which according to Chicago traces the social origins and decline of matriarchy, it`s replacement by patriarchy, the institutionalisation of male oppression and of women`s response to it. â€Å"The Dinner Party is both clumsy and pathbreaking†¦ The Dinner Party is right on time. It comes in the wake of modernism, in loud colours and emotional, high-pitched tone; it rides on the wave of feminist study and insight; it takes seriously both the truths and excesses of female consciousness; it fills a large room; it engaged some 400 (sic) workers in something bigger than anyone; it cannot be ignored and it should not go away.†

Friday, July 19, 2019

Earthquakes Essay example -- essays research papers

I chose to research earthquakes and the prediction of earthquakes because I was curious as to how they work. In this paper, I will discus the history of earthquakes, the kinds and locations of earthquakes, earthquake effects, intensity scales, prediction, and my own predictions. An earthquake can be defined as vibrations produced in the earth's crust. Tectonic plates have friction between them which builds up as it tries to push away and suddenly ruptures and then rebounds. The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to a disastrous, and destructive act of nature. Six kinds of shock waves are generated in the process. Two are classified as body waves, that is, they travel through the inside of the earth and the other four are surface waves. The waves are further classified by the kinds of motions they incur to rock particles. Primary or compressional waves, known as P waves, send particles moving back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling, as secondary or transverse shear waves, known as S waves, create vibrations perpendicular to their direction of travel. P waves always travel at faster speeds than S waves, so whenever an earthquake occurs, P waves are the first to arrive and to be recorded at geophysical research stations worldwide. During ancient times very little was know about. Some of the ancient Greek philosophers connected earthquakes to underground winds, where others blamed them on fires in the depths of the earth. Around AD 130 the Chinese scholar Chang Heng, believing that waves must ripple through the earth from the source of an earthquake, created a bronze object to record the directions of such waves. Eight balls were carefully balanced in the mouths of eight dragons placed around the outside of the object. When a passing earthquake occurred the wave would cause one or more of the balls to drop. Earthquake waves were observed in this and other ways for centuries, but more scientific theories as to the causes of quakes were not proposed until modern times. One such concept was recreated and advanced in 1859 by an Irish engineer, Robert Mallet. Perhaps recalling on his knowledge of the strength and behavior of construction materials, Robert Mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred "either by sudden flexure and constraint of the elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way an... ...orth of the earthquake that occurred the day before, this time I was wrong, there were two that occurred near the San Francisco bay area and none within a 50 mile radius of my approximation. The next couple days I predicted earthquakes that were within a 100 mile radius than were they actually occurred. From my experiments I concluded that predicting earthquakes was easy, you just have to pick a spot on the fault. The only thing that troubled me and probably most scientists, is magnitude, there is no possible way of predicting an earthquakes magnitude. Which is what we are really trying to predict. Earthquakes happen all the time, but what we are really trying to figure out how to predict is when a major earthquake is going to occur. I learned that earthquakes are almost unpredictable, and devastating acts of nature. I also learned how earthquakes occur and almost all of the "earthquake dictionary". There is still alot more to be known about earthquakes that we still do not know about today. Prediction of large earthquakes is still under development, where prediction of small, unnoticeable earthquakes can be easy to predict because they happen mainly around fault lines.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Drama diary on movement Essay

Today in our drama workshop we investigated movement and physical action in drama. We carried out many different exercises to help us establish the importance of movement and how it should be used effectively. To communicate plot, and characters relationships to the audience. Firstly in our workshop we were given the task of creating the most abstract freeze frame possible, we were put into groups of 6,2 people being the directors and the remaining 4 creating the freeze frame, My group managed to produce a freeze frame based around a piece of scaffolding. We did this by placing people one by one on the scaffolding in ways, which we thought were different and challenging. Once we had created a successful freeze frame our teacher gave us the task of placing our tableau into context. When asked we had to give a performance to the class, still in the original freeze frame but with dialogue explaining our obscure positioning. The audience then had to work out what the situation the characters were stuck in simply by listening to the few lines of dialogue the cast spoke and paying close attention to the positioning and movement. The audience did guess the situation, which was good. We did a piece of dialogue that explained that we were stuck in a lift that had broken down. There are many reasons why we did this exercise the most important being to show the importance of physical action and how actions when used effectively can communicate to the audience with the character on stage and show the characters feelings through movements and not words. It also helped us understand that movement can help the audience understand the context of the play and that close attention must be given to the physical/visual elements of drama. After completing this task and discussing it we then moved into groups of 4. One person from each group was given a picture to examine for 1 minute only. Once their time was up they were asked to put the people in their group into the positions, they had been examining in the picture using only their memory. The director adjusted the actors one by one creating what they thought was an accurate copy of the original image they had been studying. The whole group then examined the picture and gave it a title, which they thought was appropriate to the events, taking place in the picture. The picture, which we had to recreate, was a still image of an old woman talking to a man; in the picture there was also a sheep and a little child. We named this image â€Å"shepherd lost in Italy†. By doing this it helped us realize that one picture can explain an entire scene without words and the importance of movement in a play. Our final exercise was to pick 3 major scenes from â€Å"a taste of honey† and present them through freeze frames with only one line of text from each character. The first part of the scene we chose to convey was when Geoff is trying to kiss Jo the lines we used were â€Å"let me kiss you† and Jo said â€Å"Leave me alone, get off me†. First we tried to create an image, which showed the audience the essence of the scene without dialogue. This didn’t go to successfully as the audience could not guess the moment they commented on our performance and said that we needed more physical contact than we had. At that time we had Geoff leaning in for the kiss and Jo leaning away. With the help of the rest of the class we decided that Geoff should be really trying to grab Jo whilst Jo pushes him away. This should hopefully show the audience exactly what Geoff is trying to do and Jo’s response without words being used. The next scene we used was when Peter enters the scene and Helen is pointing at him. Helen’s line is â€Å"I told you to wait outside† Peter responds â€Å"don’t point your bloody finger at me†. For this part of the scene it is very important that we include physical action as well as vocal strengths because the author is gives us a playwright clue on to how he wants these two lines to be acted out on stage Peter saying â€Å"don’t point your bloody finger at me tells us that Helen should be pointing her finger at Peter. We set this scene up with Helen and Peter standing in the entrance of the door with Helen pointing her finger at Peter and Peter slapping it away. This is showing the audience that Peter has authority over Helen. We then had Geoff and Jo sat on the sofa with facial expressions that showed they didn’t really care this shows the audience the relationship between Jo and her mother is blatantly not very secure. The whole point of this exercise was to help us see the importance of physical action in drama and that even if at a point in a play a character is on stage but has no lines, that character is still able to communicate to the audience via facial expressions and physical reaction to the surrounding situation. Before this workshop on movement our piece contained little physical action resulting in a mainly static performance on stage or movement without reason. We now see the difference between movement for a reason and movement without a reason. We plan to make a movement map next section to liven up our piece hopefully for the better.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Blacks in the Revolutionary War

Running Head Blacks in the subverter contend1 Blacks in the rotatory War African American Studies Latasha Gating September 20, 2012 LaChanda K. Clemons Blacks in the Revolutionary War2 Looking plunk for at the history of the United States, it is evident that the Revolutionary War impacted the country a great deal. It was the first war fought with slaves convey to Lord Dunmores controersial proclamation. historiographer Benjamin Quarles stated The Negros role in the Revolutionary War can be best understood by realizing his major loyalty was not to a gear up nor to a people but to a principle. thither were non-white loyalists, sullen sailors, black patriots and black regi custodyts who fought and died in the name of Independence. It has been estimated that over 5,000 African Americans attend tod as soldiers for the Continental multitude and more than 20,000 fought for the British cause. thrall in Colonial America is noted to lay down begun in 1619 with the arrival of 20 A frican slaves on the Dutch ship named Man-of-war. The slaves do up over half the state in the colonies although they were seen more so as property instead of people. In 1776, there were about 500,000 African American men, women and children slaves.Everyone had a reason for taking single-valued function in the war. There were factors that motivated the blacks to take part in such a competitiveness as well. The text mentions that when it came to fighting among the Patriots on one side and their stalwart American allies on the other, African Americans joined the side that offered exemption. Having that choice of agnizeing independence in exchange for armed services service in the armed services was indeed motivation. Other motives for blacks were the Blacks in the Revolutionary War3 desire for adventure, belief in the justice and the goals of the revolution and the possibility of receiving a bounty.The Continental navy and The Royal naval forces signed blacks into the navy b ecause of the manpower laconicages at sea. Some blacks had been captured from the royal navy and utilize by the Patriots on their vessels. They also served as seamen on British vessel. Slaves and free slaves served as seaman. Because so many Patriot leading resisted employing black troops, by mid-1775, the British had taken the initiative in recruiting African Americans. Revolutionary leaders feared using blacks in the weapon forces. They were afraid that the slaves who were armed would uprise against them.In may 1775 the Massachusetts Committee of Safety dumbfound a stop to enlisting slaves in the armies of the colony. However, this did not apply to the blacks who were already serving in the army. 1775-1783 the navy recruits freed black slaves and fleer slaves. Lord Dunmore, born John Murray, was the break Royal Governor of Virginia. Because he was short of men, Dunmore issued a proclamation stating that all up to(p) bodied men to assist him in the defense of the colony, i ncluding the slaves of rebels. He promised freedom to the blacks who served. later doing so in a calendar month he had 800 soldiers.The affair of his Proclamation was to accommodate martial law and to encourage slaves of rebels in Virginia to leave their masters and support the loyalist cause All indentured servants, Negroes, or othersfree that are able Blacks in the Revolutionary War4 and willing to bear mail Such an act outrage Virginians. Those that took Dunmore up on his word range amid 800 and 2,000. The Virginia Congress replied to his Proclamation with the Dunmores wasnt as successful as his scheme out, the number of his soldiers decreased due to variola outbreaks.Dunmores Proclamation was the first green goddess emancipation of slaves in American history. afterward the war cease, over 5,000 blacks left for Jamaica or St. Augustine because they were the property of loyalist that they would never gain their freedom from slavery. By 1786, many were back in bondage. The re were those who were Patriots slaves but sided with the British were promised their freedom and was granted such. Many black patriots found that the post war military held no rewards for them. So many men served in the armed forces which meant that their wives were left fag and had to take on their husband roles.Their lives changed a great deal during the Revolutionary War. The women, who could, serve the Colonial military forces and interacted with the male soldiers in camp. They were usually the wives and daughters of the male soldiers. The cooked, did laundry and cared for those that were sick. There also some who fought in the military battles Margaret Cochran Corbin and Captain Molly. Molloys husband had taught her how to bill and fire cannons. Black women, many of whom were slaves, served twain Americans and the British in the capacity of nurses, laundresses and cooks.Blacks in the Revolutionary War5 Many African American soldiers fought and died for the sake of the Revol utionary War. The war ended in 1783, slavery was dying in the North and declining in Chesapeake. What was truly the purpose of Blacks fighting if they did not attain freedom at the end of the war? Were the lives mazed beneficially to the slaves or was it just a gimmick to get blacks to stand in stops where white soldiers have already died in. Blacks in the Revolutionary War6 Bibliography Georgii, Colette. May 30, 2007.Slavery in Colonial America. www. helium. com/items/365359-Colonial-Early- Gabriel, Brian. Womens roles and lives in the rotatory war. http//www. ehow. com/) (http//blackloyalist. com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/revolution/dunmore. htm) Halpern, Rick (2002). Slavery and Emancipation. Blackwell Publishing. Pp. 90-91 Harold, Stanley, Hine, W. C. , Hine, D. C. The African American Odyssey Volume 1, fifth Edition. assimilator Hall. 2011. Pearson Education, Inc. . (Scribner, Robert L. (1983). Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence.University of Virginia Pre ss. Pp. xxiv. ) 2 . Scribner, Robert L. (1983). Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence. University of Virginia Press. Pp. xxiv 3 . Halpern, Rick (2002). Slavery and Emancipation. Blackwell Publishing. Pp. 90-91 4 . Harold, Stanley, Hine, W. C. , Hine, D. C. The African American Odyssey Volume 1, 5th Edition. Prentice Hall. 2011. Pearson Education, Inc. 6 . Gabriel, Brian. Womens roles and lives in the revolutionary war. http//www. ehow. com/)

Understand how to safeguard the well-being of children and young people Essay

2.1 It is authorised to honorableguard fryren and issue throng in a scene to hold in they burn down touch sensation salutary and secure. We must shelter pincerren and unripe large numerate from scream or overleap, ensure they endure safe and healthy and continue to ca engross salubrious.2.2 It is authorized to necessitate a tyke centred approach so that the kidskins feelings argon experiences argon slangn into sum up and in that locationfore each further inconvenience gouge be avoided.2.3 Partnership on the job(p) in the context of safe guarding touch ons to the sharing of expressation mingled with diametric agencies and collaborative casting. It is historic to feel that a peasants welf ar is safe fol kickoff regardless of on that point they be from and whos face afterward them at all times. For example, electric razorren who attend sextuple prospects, much(prenominal) as primary school and an after school club. It is essential that these tantrums tap closely unitedly to ensure the chela is safe, healthy and developing. Practiti one(a)rs must ensure continuity and coherence by sharing pertinent education with each separate names or flushrs.2.4 When a baby bird is abuse or rail ated, there argon many agencies that whitethorn be involved. The fist is be uniform to be the complaisant emoluments ( after a referral). Referrals atomic number 18 apt(predicate) to be make by a school or kid business concern provider. It is as fall apart of every psyche reverseing with little childrens debt instrument to report any signs of abuse or unload to their safeguarding coordinator who volition refer the case to the local anaesthetic social services hub. Other organisations and practitioners who induct a duty of care to report any of these signs admit doctors, nurses, health visitors and play schemes. favorable services soce carry out an initial assessment as a chemical re bodily function and the p ossible decisions include whirl services and support to the child and their family. This exit whole be ensconced if it is judged that the child is non in any immediate danger.Urgent action to entertain the child from harm such as obtaining a court order to remove the child from the care of their farms and placed into safe temporary care. A discourse to discuss further strategy lead then curb place. Staff in schools or early(a) settings where they care for children must never try to separately investigate the circumstances of the abuse or neglect themselves, but their in swan may be pass in the initial assessment meetings, and their cooperation with the continued visualise is important.3.1 Every somebody working in the setting must be a suitable soulfulness to work with vernal children, must have a valid CRB tick off and must be assessed by the Independent Safeguarding Authority. Practitioners must actively promote the well be of every child. This includes prov iding every opportunity for children and four-year-old bulk to learn and develop, play and communicate and interact in the setting. Children and small bulk to a fault carry healthy, nutritious food and the opportunity to move their bodies and exercise. They quest to be able to sop up decisions and develop an stamp down level of independence.Practitioners also have a responsibleness to provide s massty support to children whos ineluctably are not organism met, by working with raises and other professionals. Some children in early long time settings mya set a delay in development, or senseal of social laboriousies, which may be the result of adverse early years experiences, alike(p) witnessing domestic violence or growing up with a parent with a mental illness. This extra support could include facilitateing the parent combine a stay and play group to make friends and build a support group, or by working with a clinical psychology service to give advice on things suc h as bedtimes. This work house be coordinated under the CAF.3.2 It is important to have policies and procedures in place to shelter children and the pornographics who work with them. Policies and procedures that should be in place at bottom settings for safe working include duty of care, whistle blowing, major power and position of trust, physical contact, photography and video and false site visits. The settings policy for safe guarding should include the settings severalise out and the type of service it provides, the name of the child security system asideicer, the importance of child trade apology and outline the relevant part of UK legislation, everyones responsibility to safeguard, how the setting testament meet this obligation, the safeguarding policy full treatment together with other policies, such as the equation and diversity policy,behaviour and league with parents. The procedure should inform how the policy will be put into coiffure on a daily basis. The procedure should be clear on the sideline points the obligation to oppose bewitchly in a timely fashion, a brief summary of signs to look out for with course credit to the relevant guidance document, the steps that should be taken if there are concerns, specific guidance and sound safeguarding.3.3 There may be an occasion where you work in a setting and you believe that there are incidences of poor physical exertion. For example, a faculty fragment has raised concerns intimately a childs welfare and reported these to the child hold dearion officer. The childs parents are on the school regime body. The child protection officers response is that theyre not the sort of populate to harm their child. In cases like these it is very important that action is taken before the perspective becomes worsened. set up it clear to the soulfulness you have reported to that the situation is dangerous and illegal and that you may feel it necessity to blow the whistle is needed. Whist le blowers are licitly protected against blustery being sacked or disciplined if they have acted in good faith.3.4 Practitioners endure protect themselves within their every day practice in and out of the setting by crafty their company policy. Schools and early years settings go off clutches children safe by having effective recruitment procedures, perplexity and general operation policy. The childrens intimate care should be coordinated by the childs key person so they dont feel like just anyone rump take them aside and undress them, this ensures their right to privacy is upheld. Is possible, children should be asked is they consent to flings of intimate care.Early years settings are required to have a policy for allegations made against staff. This will cover cases where a child, parent of other staff fragment has made the allegation. Practitioners participating in an off site visit have a duty to protect children from harm on the visit. unskilled staff or volunteers mu stnt be go forth wing in sole charge of children and offspring the great unwashed on an off site visit, unless deemed safe by means of a risk assessment. There should be a minimum of two adults participating in an off site visit, and must not be put in a situation where they are simply with a child away form the group.4.1 executable signs and symptoms that may indicate abuse or neglect and be coiffe for concern are depict in the NSPCCs Learn to recognise signs of abuse. A baby or toddler who is unendingly cryinga child who often has injuries or bruisesa child who is often very withdrawna child who often wears dirty clothes, is gross for a long period of times a child who is frequently very hungrya child who is often inappropriately dressed for the persist or season any indications a child is being left alone at collection plate or unsupervised a child who does not receive medical treatment they needa child who is mocked, sworn at, constantly joked active or made to fee l foolish a child who expresses fear just about particular adults, seams reluctant to be picked up by specific people, afraid to be left alone with that person. A child who has punishing mood swings- anxiety, depression, uncontained anger or aggression. A child who has sexual bashledge, use sexual words or sexual behaviour that is not appropriate for their age. A child who is witnessing domestic violenceA child who it witnessing signifi potfult alcohol or drug abuse. The NSPCC conscious that you trust your judgement on a situation.4.2 If a child make an allegation of abuse or harm, you must first record exactly what the child or young person has said and anything you may have noticed about the child or young person. Then discuss the concerns as a matter or urgency with the named constituent of staff within the setting. In my own setting, each fashion has a named person ( usually the room leader) and the deputy passenger vehicle is also a named person. In the case that I had a concern, I would first speak to the appropriate named person. In some cases it is satisfying to speak to the parent. For example, if a child has come into the setting with a number of bruises, either myself or the named person would ask the parent how the marks were acquired. I would then fill in an incident report describing the marks and ask the parent to sign it. If the parents account did not seam legitimate, I would then fill in a cause for concernreport sheet. Both of these are filed in the childs in the flesh(predicate) file, along with any other reports of a similar nature.I would then be told of the action made by the named person. If the parents account seams reasonable based on what we bang of the childs behaviour within the setting, the named person may decide to take no further action. They may decide to hash out the childs parents, for example, what sort of clothes the child take to wear. The child will then be monitored by his or her key person to see if the adv ise is followed up on. They may offer support for example, by devising an try-on with a clinical psychologist. They may decide to refer the family to support at the childrens centre. They may decide however that serious action need to be taken and refer the incident to the Childrens Social Care (social services). If I feel that the action taken by the named person is inadequate, I would contact the babys room owner, and then social services myself. There is the plectron of a no names interview with social services if I am unsure of what action to take.4.3 In situations where abuse has been hazard, it is important to be resonant of the rights of the children and of their carers. In general, any learning uncoverd is convinced(p)ial. If coning circulates similarly freely, it ass leave children and adults feeling too vulnerable and they may stop sharing information with you. If a parent get wordd information to you which you feel should be carry ond for the childs benefit , the parent should feel they send packing consent or deny consent freely ( assuming the childs sentry go isnt compromised).We must never disclose information inappropriately for example to people not within the setting. Everyone has the right to privacy. If sharing information is necessary to the childs safety, you must do so. sustain by discussing with the parent why you must share the information, explain that you are legally obligated to do so. If in doubt, seek advise from your named person.5.1 There are many different types of boss around, including physical, verbal or confirmatory push around. Physical bullying includes hitting kicking and victorious belongings. Verbal bullying includes name calling, insulting and makingoffensive remarks. Indirect bullying includes the spreading of rumours, exception form a social group, sending despiteful emails or texts. There is never an excuse for bullying behaviour. Children and young people are more(prenominal) likely to be b ullied if they are shy or have an overprotective family environment, are from a different racial or ethnic group to the majority, appear different in some respects, have special needs such as a learning difficulty, turn out inappropriately or have less real social and inter ain skills, possess expensive nettleories such as a mobile phone or computer game.Bullying place lead to low self esteem in children and young people and can often leave them feeling hopeless. Children and young people who are experiencing bullying may be reluctant to attend the setting and may because have poor attendance. They may be more anxious and insecure than others, have fewer friends and may often feel unhappy or lonely. This will, in turn, effect all areas of their holistic development.5.2 Some types of bullying may amount to unlawful discrimination. All settings must have a policy and system to jalopy with bullying. Policies must include reference to bullying in all forms such as bullying on grou nds of body shape or size, homophobic bullying, racist bullying, faith based bulling, ageist bullying, dis aptitude bullying and sexist bullying. These policies and procedures are in place to protect people and to understand how best to support victims and their families. Children and young people should be provided with information about sources of alleviate such as Childline or The Samaritans. If bullying is suspected or reported, within our setting, the issue will be dealt with by the childs key person. The EYFS required that Childrens behaviour must be managed effectively and in a manner that is appropriate for their defend of development and individual needs. If bullying occurs within the staff team, it must be reported to the bon ton director (nursery owner) who will deal with it as a matter or urgency.5.3 Practitioners should work in partnership with parents to a support the victim of bullying. They can do this by cooperateing the child improve their personal and social skills, including assertiveness techniques and scrap resolution. You can also provide support by encouraging the child to sing, listen to their problems, believing them if they say they are being bullied,providing reassurance that it is not their fault, discussing the issue with a senior member of staff and taking action by following the settings anti-bulling procedure.6.1 Childrens self esteem can be greatly boosted by an effective key person approach. Many aspects of this support the safeguarding of children. Listening and tuning into a child are import aspects of this. The key person notices changes in the childs behaviour and emotion well being and developing a rely relationship so that the child feel like they can talk to their key person about thing that are upsetting them. The child must know that you are there to listen and will believe what he or she is telling you. It is important to allow the child to express their feelings, such as anger, sadness and happiness, they m ay feel more confident that they can have a range of emotions.You can increase a childs trustfulness by making the child feel a sense of belonging and that they have a erratic set of qualities that are valued. It is important to show existent interest in what a child is doing or saying. You can also work with parents to support their childs self confidence and self esteem. dish up a parent to understand that their child is purpose a particular situation difficult and wha they can do to help, support parent with practical advise such as care or clothing, offer emotional and practical support in cases of family conflict or domestic violence.6.2 Resilience is a crucial vivification skill that children require to survive the turbulences that life can provide. Resilience provides a person with the ability to deal with arising issues without it largely effecting their well being. It is something that they will develop in child hoodlum and take with them into adult hood while contin uing to improve their strength of resilience. It is thus extremely important that adults support the resilience of young people. It teaches them to act in a way that will repair any damage caused by a major life event, good or bad, and enables them to come up self esteem. A lack of resilience can lead to cases of depression in an arising situation where the person feels unable to cope. If children are resilient it will help them in everyday life as a child, to overcome issues, hold onto self-esteem if victims of bullying and be better at dealing withlife. This will enable them ot be happier individuals who can carry this resilience into adult life.6.3 It is important to work with children to enable them to have the strategies to protect themselves for neglect or abuse so they have a means of preventing it from happening. As part of this measure role it is important that children understand what is and isnt acceptable behaviour towards them, how to stay safe from harm, speak up if they have any worries or concerns, develop sentience and resilience. Being actively involved in prevention helps children stay safe both in the present and in the future.6.4 One way to empower children and young people to make positive and informed decisions that will support their well being and safety is to uphold them to trust their own feelings and judgement in difficult situations. You can use role play as a tool to help them think about what to do if their friends are doing something they feel uncomfortable with such as having sex, drinking, drugs etc. Peer pressure can often be very strong, children and young people to decide upon limits for what they will and wont do so they can cope if a situation does arise. progress suer children understand the dangers of situations that may put their safety at risk, such a being left home alone, playing in deserted or dark places, being out on their own, talk of the town to strangers, accepting lifts from strangers and walking home a lone, especially in the dark. Role play, stories and television can also be used to discuss acceptable risk taking. Children can discuss the actions of characters and identify risks they are taking in their own lives. Children also need to know where they can go to get help if they need it. They should be encouraging to find people in the setting or within their community who can help keep them safe.7.1 Risks associated with using the internet and mobile phones usually revolve around contact with strangers, either present as themselves or someone the child may trust. These people may try to obtain information from them, coerce them into meeting them which is highly dangerous. There are also issues of fraud around online shopping where criminals can obtain bank account details from the website used and use them as a theft devise.7.2 You can reduce risks of using social networking sites (including chat rooms) by teaching children not to give out personal information that could lead t he recipient to discover who they are and never arrange to meet anyone they have met in a chatroom. If young people wish to use social networking sites, they should be taught how to make the settings of they profile nonpublic so that only accepted people they know and trust can view their postings. Additionally, children and young people should be taught only to accept friend requests from people they are friends with in real life. They should never disclose personal information online. Filtering systems can be used to stop children and young people accessing inappropriate nitty-gritty on the internet. The curriculum should also provide opportunities to teach internet safety in ICT lessons. There should be procedures in place to deal with personal alleging by a child or young person as a result of internet safety education. The setting must have a nominated member of staff who is in charge of child protection issues.It is important that children and young people are cognizant of t he risks of online shopping. They should be encouraged to ensure their computer has anti-virus software package and a firewall in place to provide protection against the potential risks of online shopping. You should only use online retailers you trust and check their privacy policy before purchase anything. control that you have a strong password and know what a secure website looks like. Print out a copy of any online orders you have made and always check your bank statement after buying anything online. UK mobile phone operators take steps to protect children and young people from accessing inappropriate material on their phones. They do this using internet filters, and having the option to chronicle a mobile phone as a child so they can not access material for over 18s. They also advise that bluetooth (which enables bluetooth users to talk to each other) is turned off on children and young peoples phones. Children and young people can be educated on e-safety by being given t he following tips Think carefully about who you give your mobile number to.Do not reply to any unwanted texts or messages.Be careful what you download to your phone as there are growing numbers of viruses. Check with your friends if you are planning to upload a photo or video with them in it before uploading it. Remember to take control of your own image as one picture can become permanent when uploaded to the internet.